The U.S. Department of Commerce has announced its final determinations in the anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigations concerning crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells and modules imported from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.

These findings confirmed that exporters from the four nations sold solar cells in the U.S. at less than fair value and that producers in these countries benefited from subsidies, some of which originated from a third country—China. These discoveries mark one of the first instances in which Commerce has found transnational subsidies provided by a third-party nation.

It announced its preliminary affirmative determinations in December last year.

The U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) will deliver its final injury determination on June 2, 2025. If the ITC affirms that the domestic industry has suffered material injury, Commerce will formally impose duties on June 9, 2025.

The final determinations include detailed dumping and subsidy rates for various exporters.

In Cambodia, all major exporters—including Hounen Solar and Solar Long PV Tech—received uniform weighted-average dumping rates of 125.37% and a cash deposit rate of 117.18% after subsidy offsets.

In Malaysia, Hanwha Q Cells Malaysia was assigned a 0% margin, while other exporters, such as Baojia New Energy and CRC Solar Cell, were assessed rates of 81.24%.

Thailand’s results showed high dumping rates, with Trina Solar assessed at 111.45% and Sunshine Electrical Energy and Taihua New Energy receiving rates of 202.90%.

In Vietnam, JA Solar Vietnam was assigned a rate of 58.07%, Jinko Solar Vietnam received 125.91%, and several other exporters were grouped under a rate of 82.65%. The Vietnam-wide entity received a margin of 271.28%.

Final Anti-Subsidy Rates

Regarding final anti-subsidy rates, Cambodia saw the most significant rise, with Solarspace New Energy being assessed at 534.67%. Other companies, including Hounen Solar and Jintek, received rates of 3,403.96%.

In Malaysia, Hanwha Q Cells was assessed at 14.64%, while Jinko-related firms received 38.38%. Other Malaysian companies, including Baojia New Energy and Pax Union Resources, were subject to rates of 168.80%.

In Thailand, Trina Solar was assigned a 263.74% subsidy rate, while Sunshine Electrical Energy and Taihua New Energy received rates of 799.55%.

For Vietnam, JA Solar entities were assessed at 68.15%, Boviet Solar at 230.66%, and several others received a rate of 542.64%. The all-others rate stood at 124.57%.

The volume and value of solar cell imports into the U.S. from these four countries have grown significantly in recent years. Cambodia’s exports rose from 799 million watts (W) in 2021 to over 6.72 billion W in 2023, with corresponding values increasing from $218 million to more than $2.31 billion.

Malaysia’s export volume reached 6.76 billion W in 2023, valued at nearly $1.87 billion, recovering from a dip in 2022.

Thailand recorded exports of 10.60 billion W, worth approximately $3.73 billion in 2023.

Vietnam had the highest export volume, increasing from 5.34 billion W in 2021 to 12.30 billion W in 2023, valued at nearly $4 billion.

The final determinations follow a year-long investigation process initiated in April 2024. They are part of the U.S. government’s effort to address unfair trade practices and support domestic solar manufacturing industries.