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					</table>Low-emissions hydrogen production grew by 10% in 2023 and is on track to reach one million tons (MT) by the end of 2025, according to the International Energy Agency’s (<a href="https://www.iea.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IEA</a>) Global Hydrogen Review 2025.
Currently, low-emissions hydrogen accounts for less than 1% of global production.
High costs, uncertain demand, regulatory uncertainty, and slow infrastructure development hindered the uptake of low-emissions hydrogen in 2024.
Despite a recent wave of project delays and cancellations, several positive trends indicate that the industry is maturing. Since 2020, over 200 low-emissions hydrogen projects have reached final investment decisions (FIDs), a major leap from just a handful of pilot projects a few years ago.
Technological innovation across the hydrogen value chain is accelerating, with a record number of advancements achieved in the past year.
While short-term challenges persist, the long-term outlook shows the sector gaining traction and building a stronger foundation for scalable deployment in the years ahead.
<div id="attachment_85963" style="width: 913px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-85963" class="wp-image-85963 size-full" src="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen1.png" alt="Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025" width="903" height="316" srcset="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen1.png 903w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen1-300x105.png 300w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen1-768x269.png 768w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen1-650x227.png 650w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen1-624x218.png 624w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen1-600x210.png 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 903px) 100vw, 903px" />Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025</div>
Potential production fell for projects using electrolysis and fossil fuels with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), though electrolysis projects accounted for more than 80% of the total decline.
Electrolysis-derived hydrogen surged by 60% year-over-year in 2024 to reach more than 100 KT. However, electrolysis represents only around one-sixth of total low-emissions hydrogen production methods.
Capital spending on low-emissions hydrogen projects reached $4.3 billion in 2024, an 80% increase from 2023. In 2024, global capital investment in low-emissions hydrogen was nearly evenly divided between electrolysis and CCUS-based production. However, in 2025, electrolysis is projected to account for about 80% of total spending while contributing only 56% of hydrogen output from projects under construction, reflecting its higher capital intensity compared with CCUS technologies.
Regional growth
Europe remains the largest hub for low-emissions hydrogen projects, accounting for nearly 25% of global announced production by 2030, despite a 20% year-on-year decline driven by slow market uptake and project cancellations tied to weak business cases.
North America and Latin America account for about 20% and 15% of the global pipeline, respectively. Both regions saw project reductions, around 10% in North America (mainly the U.S., amid policy uncertainty surrounding the Inflation Reduction Act) and 15% in Latin America, driven by cancellations in Chile. However, Brazil bucked the trend with a 60% surge in capacity, supported by its new hydrogen hubs program.
Meanwhile, China’s announced hydrogen capacity rose by 30%, fueled entirely by new electrolyzer projects.
Cost Gap
The decline in natural gas prices and the increase in electrolyzer costs have widened the cost gap with fossil-based hydrogen, necessitating support programs. However, the gap is expected to narrow by 2030.
Renewable hydrogen in China could become cost-competitive by the end of the decade, due to low technology and capital costs. In Europe, high CO₂ prices and strong renewable energy potential are expected to narrow the gap, especially as natural gas prices remain elevated.
However, in regions with lower gas prices, such as the U.S. and the Middle East, the gap will remain wider, making CCUS-based hydrogen more viable in the near term.
Electrolyzers
China has emerged as the global leader in electrolyzer deployment and manufacturing, accounting for 65% of installed and FID-approved capacity and nearly 60% of global manufacturing capacity. China’s 20 GW annual manufacturing capacity far exceeds current global demand (around 2 GW in 2024), suggesting potential industry consolidation ahead. Meanwhile, manufacturers outside China face declining revenues, rising losses, and in some cases bankruptcies or acquisitions, reflecting mounting financial strain.
Chinese electrolyzers are much cheaper to produce and install domestically ($600/kW-$1,200/kW) than those made elsewhere ($2,000/kW-$2,600/kW). Yet, when factoring in engineering, procurement, construction, transport, and tariffs, the cost advantage narrows for projects outside China, with installed costs rising to $1,500/kW-$2,400/kW.
The total installed electrolyzer capacity reached almost 2 GW at the end of 2024. Alkaline remains the leading technology, accounting for 60% of additions and global installed capacity.
<div id="attachment_85964" style="width: 913px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-85964" class="wp-image-85964 size-full" src="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen2.png" alt="Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025" width="903" height="571" srcset="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen2.png 903w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen2-300x190.png 300w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen2-768x486.png 768w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen2-650x411.png 650w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen2-624x395.png 624w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen2-600x379.png 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 903px) 100vw, 903px" />Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025</div>
Slowing Offtake
While global hydrogen offtake agreements slowed down in 2024, tenders for low-emission hydrogen yielded mixed results. Tenders in the steel sector in Europe were delayed or put on hold, while tenders for refining and fertilizer led to final investment decisions for production plants in Europe and India.
<div id="attachment_85965" style="width: 627px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-85965" class="wp-image-85965 size-full" src="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen3.png" alt="Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025" width="617" height="367" srcset="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen3.png 617w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen3-300x178.png 300w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen3-600x357.png 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px" />Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025</div>
Currently, agreements for the offtake of low-emission hydrogen are less than 2 MTPA, around 5% of global production.
Southeast Asia is driving low-emission hydrogen production to reach 480 KTPA by 2030. However, only 6% of announced production has reached a final investment decision, and 60% remains at very early stages of development.
Outlook 2030
The report noted that for the first time, projected low-emissions hydrogen production by 2030 declined, falling to 37 million tons per annum (MTPA) from 49 MTPA estimated a year earlier.
If all projects for low-emission hydrogen production in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia are realized, it could exceed 9 MTPA by 2030.
<div id="attachment_85967" style="width: 622px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-85967" class="wp-image-85967 size-full" src="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen4.png" alt="Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025" width="612" height="338" srcset="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen4.png 612w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen4-300x166.png 300w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/greenhydrogen4-600x331.png 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px" />Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025</div>
More than 0.5 MT of low-emissions hydrogen is expected to be produced and used in refineries by 2030.
Operational low-emissions hydrogen projects and those with FIDs are expected to reach 4.2 MTPA by 2030, a fivefold increase from 2024 levels. While still below initial government and industry ambitions, this would raise the share of low-emissions hydrogen from under 1% today to about 4% by 2030, mirroring the rapid early growth seen in technologies like solar PV.
A new assessment also indicates that an additional 6 MT of projects could become operational by 2030 if strong policy support and demand-creation measures are implemented.
By 2030, hydrogen produced via electrolysis using low-emissions electricity is expected to be almost 10 times larger than in 2024, but it will still account for only 15% of all low-emissions hydrogen use.
By 2030, over 95% of planned low-emissions hydrogen production in industry is expected to be located in North America (50%), China (25%), the European Union (15%), the Middle East (6%), and India (4%).
Nearly 45% of the low-emissions hydrogen from announced production projects is intended for export, exceeding 16 MTPA by 2030 if all such projects materialize.
Recommendations
To accelerate low-emission hydrogen production, the report recommends providing financial support to shovel-ready projects.
To scale low-emissions hydrogen, demand creation must accelerate through targeted regulations and support programs in key sectors. Swift policy implementation can drive offtake and attract investment in supply.
Collaboration between governments and industry can further establish lead markets for sustainable products, encourage early adoption, and strengthen the hydrogen economy.
The capacity of the clean hydrogen market is expected to <a href="https://mercomindia.com/clean-hydrogen-market-expand-600mt-2050" target="_blank" rel="noopener">expand</a> to 170 MT by 2030 and reach 600 MT by 2050, according to Deloitte’s 2023 Global Green Hydrogen Outlook.

Global Low-Emissions Hydrogen Production to Reach One Million Ton by 2025

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					</table>Automotive component company Varroc Engineering (<a href="https://varroc.com/">Varroc</a>) will procure solar power from <a href="https://ampin.energy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AMPIN</a>&#8216;s 27 MW group captive project in Maharashtra.
The two companies signed a transaction document for the power procurement.
AMPIN has set up multiple solar projects in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
With the latest power purchase agreement, Varroc&#8217;s total contracted solar capacity with AMPIN reached more than 60 MW. This will enable Varroc to meet approximately 70% of its energy requirements with renewable energy.
This shift to renewable energy sources is projected to result in substantial cost savings, with an estimated 45% reduction in energy costs across Varroc’s manufacturing plants in Maharashtra.
According to its 2023-24 annual report, nearly 50% of Varroc’s facilities have rooftop solar installations. In the financial year 2024, the company generated 22.08 MW of renewable energy. The company has three wind projects and one solar project.
The company&#8217;s renewable captive energy generation expanded to 21,699,947 kWh in FY 2023-24.
Further, the solar project installed by the company at Shivaji Nagar, Dhule, Maharashtra, generated 57,09,506 units of electricity, amounting to ₹38.68 million (~$459,932).
Varroc said the first phase of its renewable energy initiative will help it save more than ₹200 million (~$2.37 million) annually.
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-72179 aligncenter" src="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Picture1-7-300x197.png" alt="" width="569" height="374" srcset="https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Picture1-7-300x197.png 300w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Picture1-7-600x394.png 600w, https://mercomindia.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Picture1-7.png 620w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px" />
In FY 2021-22, Varroc&#8217;s electricity consumption from rooftop solar systems was 7,510,574 kWh, and 11,463,744 kWh from wind energy. By FY 2022-23, rooftop solar generation increased to 9,276,336 kWh and wind generation to 12,021,076 kWh.
This upward trend continued with Varroc&#8217;s electricity consumption from captive renewable sources expanding to 21,699,947 kWh in FY 2023-24.
Recently, Bengaluru-based pharmaceutical company Strides Pharma Science <a href="https://www.mercomindia.com/strides-pharma-to-procure-solar-power-from-ampins-project-in-chennai" target="_blank" rel="noopener">announced</a> an investment of ₹16.1 million (~$191,495) to acquire a 2.48% stake in AMPIN Energy C&amp;I One on a fully diluted basis to set up captive solar power projects in Tamil Nadu.
Kolkata-based Ramkrishna Forgings <a href="https://www.mercomindia.com/ramkrishna-forgings-to-procure-power-from-ampins-solar-project" target="_blank" rel="noopener">approved</a> an equity and debenture investment of ₹129 million (~$15.34 million) in a special purpose vehicle of AMPIN Energy Transition to procure solar power in a captive arrangement.

Varroc to Procure Power from AMPIN’s 27 MW Solar Project in Maharashtra

China is prioritizing unsubsidized wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) projects. China’s National Energy Administration (NEA), has organized and drafted a project report on promoting non-subsidized affordable projects for wind and solar power generation.
The construction work plan is up for comments and suggestions up to April 23, 2019. The effective date of the consultation paper (construction work plan) is until December 31, 2020. It is valid until the end of China’s ongoing 13th Five-Year-Plan (2016-2020). The consultation paper provides greater clarity on how the NEA intends to move forward during the remaining period of the ongoing plan.
In the construction work plan circulated by the NEA, priority has been categorically given to the construction of unsubsidized projects. Unsubsidized solar power generation projects that can start construction in 2019 will be confirmed first, before the confirmation of any project applying for subsidies.
In June of 2018, China shocked the global solar markets by <a href="https://mercomindia.com/major-policy-change-china-affect-global-solar/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">imposing</a> installation caps and reduced feed-in tariff (FiT) for solar projects in the country affecting solar demand in the country after which installations declined from 53 GW in 2017 to 44 GW in 2018. The change in policy is a result of a massive <a href="https://mercomindia.com/chinas-solar-subsidy-backlog-approximately-17-4-billion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">subsidy backlog</a> of 120 billion yuan ($17.4 billion).
In an emailed statement, Frank Haugwitz, the director of Asia Europe Clean Energy (Solar) Advisory Co. Ltd (AECEA), commented saying, “This is not a new development. In January 2019, the NEA had circulated a policy announcement to strictly implement both power transmission and consumption for such unsubsidized projects. The NEA in January 2019 had circulated the policy to encourage solar PV power generation projects approved in 2018 or prior years to be converted into unsubsidized projects”.
According to the NEA, if projects voluntarily convert to an unsubsidized project, grid companies (electric utilities) will earmark such power consumption at the highest priority level. Moreover, new unsubsidized projects constructed in 2019 will be considered at a second priority level. After the consumption of the unsubsidized project is guaranteed, projects requiring state subsidies will be considered.
Moreover, the project approval will be annulled for solar PV power projects that have been approved for two years but have not started construction or have not applied for an extension, or have applied for an extension but have not started construction within the extended period, regardless of whether the company assures to continue construction.
If the company involved in such a project wishes to continue the construction, it should participate in the bidding process in 2019 as a new construction project after the project approval management authority approves of the same. Currently, solar PV projects that are approved, but not constructed (with quota) amounts to more than 7.8 GW and solar PV projects which are approved, but not constructed (without quota) totals to more than 32 GW.
The NEA has stated that the projects requiring state subsidies have been put on hold. Provinces and regions will not conduct bidding for solar PV projects requiring state subsidies until national authorities have determined the first batch of grid-parity projects for 2019.
In this context, in regions that can construct grid-parity solar PV projects, relevant provincial development and reform commissions should submit the first batch of 2019 PV project list to the national authorities by April 25, 2019. Projects approved in 2018 and willing to convert into a grid-parity project will be included in such a list, upon review.
Provinces and regions in which none or limited capability grid- parity projects can be constructed, corresponding authorities will submit the respective national subsidy project competition plan to the NEA before May 31, 2019. Against this background, NEA is considering the introduction of a nationwide centralized bidding process for projects seeking subsidies in the months to come.
State Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid Corporation, and local power grid enterprises should guarantee the transmission and consumption of electricity generated by such grid- parity projects and also sign long-term fixed tariff purchase and sale contracts with a duration of no less than 20 years.
By the end of June 2019, authorities aim to have finalized a kind of template or standardized text to be used for settling fixed tariff purchase and sale contracts between the involved stakeholders. Furthermore, NEA intends to have finalized their intended policy for green electricity certificates by June 30, 2019.
According to Haugwitz, “AECEA is of the opinion that the above-mentioned “consultation paper” is in line with the overall policy direction pursued by the NEA, i.e., to give preference to so-called grid-parity projects, which was already announced early January 2019. Given, that since May 31, 2018, the Chinese solar PV market was somewhat in limbo, although with 44.26 GW installed capacity last year the market performed better than expected, the announcement and set of rather short deadlines outlined above demonstrates NEA’s commitment to providing visibility to the market.”
Haugwitz  added that AECEA considers this period (up to the end of 13th five-year-plan) to be “transitional,” i.e., the Chinese solar PV market will evolve from a previously solely subsidy-driven to a market home to both “grid-parity” and “FIT supported” projects and eventually enter a subsidy-free market period beginning 2021. The fact that FITs for both solar PV and <a href="https://mercomindia.com/china-ends-wind-feed-in-tariffs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">wind</a> power will be fully scaled-back by 2020, was already indicated in a “3-year Clean Energy Consumption Action Plan 2018-2020” released on November 30, 2018, added Frank.
“The success of this “transitional approach” largely depends on the two national grid operators ensuring each and every generated kWh will be off-taken first, for at least 20 years. Both will be critical to providing comfort to subsidy-blessed Chinese project developers now having to learn how to execute projects without subsidies in a relatively short period,” he further added.
Mercom recently reported that the Chinese NEA is looking at One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative to <a href="https://mercomindia.com/china-eyes-one-belt-one-road-initiative-renewable/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">expand</a> renewable energy along the economic belt. As of now, China is the <a href="https://mercomindia.com/india-solar-market-2018-behind-china-us/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">largest</a> solar PV market in the world. Prioritization of unsubsidized projects with off-take guarantee will further help the country in consolidating its pole position.

China Plans to Prioritize Non-Subsidized Wind and Solar Projects

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